Chulyms (self: Chulym Tatars Tatarlar; older name: Tomsk Karagas, Chulym people Chulym Tatars, Turkic languages, Chulym Khakassia) - Turkic people, one of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation. In 2002, the number of Chulyms in Russia amounted to 656 people, in 2010 - 355 people. Included in the Unified list of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.
Speak chulym language. Were baptized into Orthodoxy, there are still some tradition of shamanism. The main occupation - agriculture and cattle ranching.
Settlement and population.
Chulym Chulym living in the river basin (a tributary of the Ob River, which comes from the name and the name of the ethnic group) - in its middle and lower reaches and tributaries along the Chulym: rivers Yaya and Kiya. In 1980, an estimated Chulyms numbered about 750 people.
Most Chulyms lives now Teguldetskiy district of the Tomsk region and Tyukhtetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Territory, mainly in the countryside and the village Pasechnoye Chindat.
Number Chulyms in settlements (2002)
Tomsk region:
Teguldet village 250
Krasnoyarsk region:
Village Pasechnoye 115
Language.
the classification of NA Baskakov (1960), Chulym language belongs to Khakass subgroup of Uighur-Oguz group vostochnohunnskoy branch of Turkic languages, including nizhnechulymsky (Asino and Zyriansky areas in the south-east of the Tomsk region) and srednechulymsky (upstream Chulyma) dialects. Under the new classification nizhnechulymskoe adverb refers to a group of the West-severnoaltayskoy branch of languages, and srednechulymskoe adverb - a group vostochnotyurkskoy Khakass branch Language branch.
At the beginning of the XXI century Lower Chulym adverb already disappeared. Srednechulymskoe adverb extended upstream from the village of Perevoz Chulyma Zyryansky district - in the extreme east of the Tomsk region (Teguldetsky District) and in the surrounding areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. As part of the dialect are two dialect - tutalsky (village Teguldet) and meletsky (village Pasechnoye Tyukhtetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Territory).
Chulym language - unwritten, it operates only in everyday communication and never taught in schools.
According to the 2002 census among Chulyms two living areas (Tomsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory -. 643 persons) owned chulym language 17.6% (113 pers.), Russian - 100%. In Russia as a whole, there were 270 people in 2002, owning chulym language.
In 2010 the mother tongue, according to the census, owned 44 Chulyms. However, linguists argue that only about a dozen Chulyms able to speak their native language (more about three dozen Chulym understand it, but they are not saying Chulym)
Economy and life.
Its settlement Chulyms created on the banks of rivers and lakes, which was due to the important role of fisheries in their lives. The fish they catch nets, nets, harpoons, traps. In winter Chulyms migrated to hunting camp. By the beginning of XX century the leading hunting destination was trapping. Gathering played a secondary role. After appearing in the Russian Prichulyme Chulyms mastered plow agriculture; in Soviet times, part of Chulym worked in the forest industry.
Chulyms well able to handle the tree from which they were cut cups, bowls, spoons, hollowed boats and mortars, manufactured sledges, skis, bows and crossbows. Their home was used widely varied dishes from birch bark; from it also made chests, quivers for arrows, cases for knives.
Traditional accommodation Chulyms was a dugout (odyg), building log huts (kyshtag), building log yurt had a rectangular or polygonal shape with a conical roof; as a temporary dwelling used chum. Since the XVIII century Russian master Chulyms hut, they became the main type of dwelling. Next to the hut were placed outbuildings: barns (Clut), cribs (Oran), sheds, bath.
National Chulyms clothes consisted of a shirt and trousers. There were woolen shirt men and dub (of Chinese cotton fabric); They also wore coats with high collar and robes, made of Russian and Central Asian cotton fabrics or Chinese order. Women shirts were made of canvas, and the feast they wore calico or silk dress tunic cut. Pants originally made of burbot skins, later male pants were made of cloth, women's - from the canvas. Both men and women wore jackets trimmed with fur. In winter outerwear women were squirrel or fox fur (tone) with silk coated men - coats, fur coats or coats made of goat, deer or elk skins. At the head of men and women wore fur winter pubescent, and in summer the women used were white or scarlet hats, bedspreads (Tastar) and hemispherical cap made of red velvet with long red silk tassels. Legs Chulyms shoes boots in soft goatskin leather boots; in the summer they often went barefoot. In XVIII-XIX centuries in traditional clothes Chulyms displaced Russian.
The social structure and beliefs.
Initially Chulyms lived clans (Swauk), which in the XVII-XVIII centuries changed geographically neighboring communities (Jon). In the XIX century the transition from the patriarchal family to a small monogamous family. Women and men have traditionally been Chulyms equal. Currently, the family have Chulyms consists of two or three generations, averaging in most cases, from 4 to 6 people.
In the past Chulyms shamanism were distributed, totemism and worship of images of spirits, which were considered the masters of nature, as well as tribal, family and private patrons. In XVII-XVIII centuries Chulyms were converted to Orthodoxy, although the first third of the XX century were preserved remnants of pre-Christian beliefs
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!A series of posts about the small peoples of Siberia came to an end. I hope this information was helpful and interesting to my readers.
In my opinion, people should keep in mind and culture, traditions and customs of every nation, because it is our history, our history of Siberia.
Enets (self encho, Moghadam, PEBA, outdated Yenisey Samoyeds) - one of the small indigenous peoples of Russian Samoyed. In 2010, the number of Ents in Russia amounted to 227 persons (in 2002 - 237 persons). Believers - the Orthodox, partly preserved and traditional beliefs, which included the veneration of the elements of nature: earth, sun, fire and water. According to the language and culture close Nganasan and Nenets.
In 2002, according to the census, the number of Ents in the Russian Federation amounted to 237 people, including 213 people. - In the Krasnoyarsk region, mainly in the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets region (. 197 people, of whom owned Enets language 66 persons (33.5%).).
The greatest number of Ents (86) in 2002, lived in the village of Potapovo, where forest Enets live. Tundra Enets live mainly in the village Vorontsovo; the population of both towns is a multinational.
In addition, the Enets live in Dudinka area village Ust-Avam et al. In the Taimyr Dolgan-Nenets Autonomous District, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Some Enets live in Dudinka (Taimyr), some - together with Nganasans elsewhere Taimyr.
Tundra Enets (Hantayskom Samoyeds), dresses in tribute Khantayskoye cabin, accounted for approximately two-thirds of the number of people. In the summer they roamed the tundra between the Yenisei River and Puroy, migrate south in the winter in the forest between the river and the lake Small Heta Pyasino. This group consisted of several large tribal unions (somatic, Bai, Muggadi or Moghadam) and had a self-somatic oneyenneche. Others called them Enets Madu (on his wife's relatives).
Forest Enets (Karasinski Samoyeds) paid tribute to Karasinski cabin and constantly wandering in the forest area between Igarka and Dudinka. It is composed of tribal groups Yuchi, Muggadi (lower part) and a number of family groups Bai. Ethnographic specificity of these groups are largely lost and they were regarded as purely territorial divisions.
Language.
Until the mid XX century Enets language was considered a dialect of the Nenets; in the censuses of 1959 and 1979 Enets not considered a separate ethnic group, and they recorded the Nenets and Nganasan. Enets language belongs to the Samoyedic languages, with the closest he Nenets language, which is separated from the 1,5 - 1 thousand years ago.; then there has been a rapprochement with the secondary contact Nganasan
According to the 2002 census, the Enets language is owned by 116 people in Russia. (As among the Ents, and among other peoples of the country - 49% of the conventionally Ents in Russia) and the Ukraine on the 2001 census of 26 Enets relatives recognized their language 18 people. (69%)
Economy and Life
The basis of the economic structure Enets make homemade reindeer herding, hunting wild reindeer, trapping and fishing. When hunting deer Enets used bow and trap nets, the extraction of fur-bearing animals, they used "mouth" - traps of pressing type
Main dwelling Enets - a conical tent close to the Nenets, but are smaller cover-nuke (so to cover the plague entsam nuke required four, rather than two, as in the Nenets plague). Winter housing served nartyanoy tent - similar in design to the Dolgan, but which had a door on the left side. Traditional clothes complex Enets two ethno-territorial groups varies: in Forest Enets There was widespread Nenets clothes, while tundra Enets clothes complex is more similar to the Nganasan: the basis lying park (deaf men and swing for women), which consisted of two coats - bottom (with the fur outside, reached to the knee) and the top (with the fur inside and longer); Both coats were made of reindeer skin, and at the hem made of dog fur edging. Men's pants complement the park and women - overalls. Currently Enets supplement clothes completely out of use.
Beliefs and rituals.
Although forest Enets were formally converted to Orthodox Christianity, in both groups remained Enets cult phenomena of nature and the worship of the spirits of the local host, which sacrifices (reindeer meat, pieces of cloth, money). In the pantheon of a dominant position occupied Dyuba-nga (which gave people a deer) and his mother Ax-menu ( "Mother Earth").
According to ethnographic research in antiquity Enets practiced ritual burial air
Tofalar - (The former name - Karagas, self - tofa, Tofa, stamp, Toja) - Indigenous Peoples of Russia in eastern Siberia.
Tofalars (Тофалары, тофа (tofa) in Russian; formerly known as карагасы, or karagas), or the "Tofa people", are a Turkic people in the Irkutsk Oblast in Russia. Their origins, Tofa language, and culture are close to those of the eastern Tuvans-Todzhins. Before the 1917 October Coup, the Tofalars used to be engaged in nomadic, living in the taiga; they engaged in reindeer husbandry and hunting.
Residing in the territory Tofalaria, south-western part of the Nizhneudinsk district, Irkutsk region, in the basins of rivers Biryusa, Uda, Kan Gutara, Yee and others in the north-eastern slopes of the Eastern Sayan.
Today Tofalars live mainly in three organized by the Soviet authorities in 1920-1930-ies Alygdzher populated areas, upper Gutara and Nerja, which were forcibly transferred to the sedentary and settled with the Russian-speaking immigrants. These Villages are located in the heart of Tofalaria. Getting there is possible only by helicopter and contact by radio.
It is noteworthy that, since the end of the XVII century (from the beginning of the appearance of statements about the collection and distribution of tribute) and to 1925 (prior to the dramatic changes in tofov life), their numbers remained virtually unchanged and ranged from 400-500 people. Such a small number of single people is amazing. Never in the annals nor historical data is no indication of any mass mortality. Apparently, the Russian came in Sayan, has caught the people in a state close to the modern, and the reduction in their numbers occurred long before the conquest of Siberia.
Population
The number of 2010 - 762 people.
The number of Tofa in settlements in 2002
Irkutsk region:
village Upper Gutara - 262
Alygdzher village - 248
Village Nerja - 144
Novosibirsk region - 3
History.
For the first time referred to as Tofs Dubo tribe (tuba, tuvo) in the Chinese annals Veyskoy Dynasty V century as the people who lived east of the Yenisei. They were of various tributaries of the Central Empires.
In the XVII century Tofalariya joined the Moscow state, becoming a border area with China. After 1757 when Tuva became part of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, Tofalariya remained in the Russian Empire, experiencing significant administrative and cultural (verbal and household level) impact on the Russian side. Administration was created Udi bit of land with five ulus in its composition. For Tofalars installed tribute fur and meat, some years was fixed and not dependent on natural conditions, and the actual number of hunters. The exact number of people at the time of the first statistical data (1851) is difficult to judge.
In public life Tofalars (until the October Revolution of 1917) were of great importance annual (sometimes every 2 years) the December meeting of tofov - Suglana (from drill suglaan -. Assembly) - for the election of officers.
By the early twentieth century in the environment Tofalars remained significant signs of tribal structure, in particular, the division into 5 patrilineal birth (Kas, Sarig-Kas, chogdy, Kara chogdy and Cheptey, experts found that the earlier these genera was 8) and patronymic group between which divided the territory for kochёvok and fishing grounds. Since the end of the XIX century due to the impoverishment of forests fur-bearing animals such redistributions became an annual event.
In 1939, as part of the Irkutsk Oblast, RSFSR Tofalar national area with the center in the village Alygdzher was organized, but in 1950 it was abolished, and instead there were two Tofalar village council - Tofalar, with center Alygdzher and Upper Gutarsky centered in the village of Upper Gutara, composed Nizhneudinsk district of the Irkutsk region.
Language.
Tofalar language belongs to the group of Sayan vostochnotyurkskih languages. According to Census 2002, in the Irkutsk region of 723 Tofalars native language owned 114 people. (16%), Russian - all 723 people. (100 %). For Tofalar language developed written language, published a primer and manuals.
Tofalar language could disappear and remain unexplored white spot. In 1990 he begins to study their native language in kindergartens and schools Tofalaria. But at the moment, despite the creation of Tofalar writing, attempts to organize the study Tofalar language in elementary school, attempts to revive the national traditions and rituals, generally aimed at protecting and preserving Tofalar language and culture, social functions and social base Tofalar language continues to decline. All these factors indicate that Tofalar language can be attributed to the category of endangered languages.
Economy and life.
With a basis of economic activities hunting and reindeer herding, Tofalars led a nomadic or semi-nomadic. By the end of the 1920s, they still roamed the Sayan mountain taiga, in the course of its historical development have created a unique material and spiritual culture, well reflects the business activities and allow them to adapt to the most severe taiga nomadic life.
The basis of traditional economy Tofalars was hunting (squirrel, sable, otter, beaver, fox, elk, red deer, roe deer, etc.), Combined with reindeer. They are excellent pathfinders. The ability to read a book taiga passed down from generation to generation. However, the Soviet period left an indelible mark on the fate of the people, deprived of their native tofov economy and lifestyle.
Since 1930, they fall under the influence of the state of economic processes and projects of the new government, which primarily impacted significantly on previous forms of management and unique culture. Before that Karagas able to maintain and build a culture of nomadic form of economic activity.
During the Soviet era in the life of Tofa took a radical turn. That's when they left her nomadic lifestyle and moved to sedentary life of nomadic reindeer herders to individual farming they have become members of the collective and labor collectives. From the first years of Soviet rule, and she came to him in the early 1920s, began to take up the Tofs socialist culture. They have occurred fundamental changes in the forms of farming. Participating as members of collective farms run by collective farms, they have mastered new kinds of labor for them: horticulture, breeding of cows and pigs, hay, rural way of firewood. Subsequently mastered the technique: outboard motors, motorcycles, tractors and cars, have mastered industrial logging, its processing in sawmills, learned to make on the spot and fired brick, burn lime, carpentry, putting furnace, plaster and whitewash at home.
At the same time preserve the traditional Tofalars individual economic activities in the field of fisheries taiga: hunting, fishing, production of pine nuts, and preserved the skills in the conduct of reindeer husbandry.
As a result of strong atheistic propaganda of the 1930s gradually Tofs away from shamanism. To join the new to them sedentary culture, including in the domestic sphere, they at the same time have lost many of the features of their traditional household and spiritual culture that served the old nomadic life. From the national traditional culture they were only the skills of reindeer and horse breeding, crafts and skills taiga their language, which has become more and more displaced from use of the Russian language. Actually gone national clothes and food, both traditional tent dwelling, because even in the forest and deer herds are no longer put the plague, replacing their huts, they began to wear on weekdays and on holidays the purchase ready-made clothes, cook of the purchased products. They began to make wedding and arrange the wedding in the country according to generally accepted standards, to bury their dead according to Christian riteHowever, this new way of life and culture are as yet in its infancy.
Traditionally Tofalars are semi-nomadic people. The main occupations were hunting and fishing, the northern groups and transhumance herding, mainly the transport direction.
The traditional dwelling was Tofalars tent conical shape, made of poles, covered in winter rovduga (chamois leather from the skins of red deer or elk) in the summer - with birch bark. Chum was divided into female (on the right from the entrance) and male (left) half.
Nomad camp typically employs between 2 and 5 tents in the summer - to 10. Since the beginning of the XIX century have spread among Tofalars log houses.
Menswear represented pants of skin musk deer or goat (in the summer of rovduga purchase or tissue) and a variety of caftans with buckle on the right side, who put on his naked body, and a belt. Already in the XIX century, moved to a unified suit Russian Siberians, keeping national features in detail (right-fasteners, trim, belts). Tofalar female outfit consists of pants and a dress with a cut on his chest, and waist. Traditional women's jewelry - earrings, bracelets and rings pewter. Tofalars winter wear coats of deerskin fur inside. Specific are hats in summer - felt hat Manchu type (but usually without a brush; later it replaced the cap), in the winter - fur hats with earflaps that tie under his chin.
The basis Tofalars diet was meat, including venison and venison; rye bread, baked in the ashes or on the rocks; as condiments and applications - multiple roots and wild plants (wild onion, wild garlic, berries, pine nuts, etc...). Due to the payment of heavy taxes, the food was quite poor in some years. Both among men and women was widespread smoking.
In Tofalars rich oral folklore - proverbs, tales, legends and stories.
Religion.
Traditional beliefs include animism, shamanism and totemism.
Through the efforts of Orthodox missionaries in the late nineteenth century of the Tofa it was converted to the Christian faith. Currently, efforts Irkutsk diocese ROC to conduct missionary work Tofalaria. Thus, in February 2007, more than 100 people were baptized.
Definition
Today, 40 indigenous peoples are officially recognised as indigenous small-numbered peoples by way of inclusion into the unified register of indigenous small-numbered peoples (единый перечень коренных, малочисленных народов Российкой Федерации). This register includes 46 indigenous peoples (which implies being less than 2.3 million people). Six of these peoples do not live in either the Extreme North or territories equated to it, so that the total number of recognised indigenous peoples of the North is 40. In addition the Komi-Izhemtsy or Izvatas, a subgroup of the Komi peoples are currently seeking recognition as a distinct indigenous people of the North.
The Far North is the part of Russia which lies mainly beyond the Arctic Circle. However, they make up the smaller part of the actual territories inhabited by the indigenous peoples, which extend southwards as far as to Vladivostok.
The Unified register lists the following peoples:
Aleuts (алеуты): Kamchatka Krai - 700
Alyutors (алюторцы): Kamchatka Krai
Chelkans (челканцы)
Chukchis (чукчи): Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Oblast, Kamchatka Krai - 15,767
Chulyms (чулымцы), Tomsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai - 656
Chuvans (чуванцы): Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Oblast
Dolgans (долганы): Krasnoyarsk Krai, Sakha Republic
Enets (*) (энцы) (Yenets, Russian plural: Entsy, obsolete: Yenisei Samoyeds, Yenisei Ostyak, Kets): Krasnoyarsk Krai
Eskimo (Siberian Yupik, Inuit) (эскимосы): Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Naukan
Evenks (эвенки)
Evens (эвены)
Itelmens (ительмены): Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast
Kamchadals (камчадалы, a general term for mixed population of Kamchatka Peninsula): Kamchatka Krai
Kereks (кереки): Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Kets (кеты)
Khanty (ханты): (Old Russian Term: Ostyaks), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug,
Koryaks (коряки): Kamchatka Krai, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Oblast
Kumandins (кумандинцы)
Mansi (манси), (Old Russian term: Voguls), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug,
Nanai (нанайцы)
Negidals (негидальцы)
Nenets (*) (Russian plural: Nentsy, old Russian name Samoyeds) (ненцы):Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic
Nganasans (Tavgi) (нганасаны): Krasnoyarsk Krai
Nivkhs (нивхи)
Oroks (ороки)
Orochs (орочи)
Sami (old Russian name Lopars, i.e., Lapp) (саамы, саами): Murmansk Oblast - 1,991
Selkups (селькупы)
Shors (шорцы)
Soyots (сойоты)
Taz (тазы)
Telengits (теленгиты)
Teleuts (телеуты)
Tofalars or Tofa (тофалары или тофы)
Tubalars (тубалары)
Tozhu (тувинцы-тоджинцы), a subgroup of the Tuvans: Tyva republic
Udege (удэгейцы)
Ulchs (ульчи)
Veps (*) (вепсы): Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast
Yukaghirs (юкагиры): Sakha Republic, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Oblast
!I'll tell you about the three nations, which have been allocated a large font in the list. Of interest are those that live mainly in the Krasnoyarsk region and the fact that it is one of the smallest nations of less than 1 thousand of the population.
<Interesting fact>
In 1990 he was created "Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation" (RAIPON). The main objective of this NGO is to protect human rights and promote the interests of small peoples of the North. In particular, ensuring their rights for the protection of original habitat and traditional way of life. Also, the Association provides assistance in solving social and economic problems, environmental issues, cultural development and education, is an authorized representative of the peoples at the international and national levels.
For many centuries the peoples of Siberia, lived in small settlements. In each village lived his race. The inhabitants of Siberia were friends with each other, conducted a joint household, were often relatives to each other and led an active lifestyle. But due to the vast territory of the Siberian region, these villages are far apart. For example, residents of one village were already a way of life and spoke in a strange language to its neighbors. Over time, some villages disappeared, and some became more and actively developed.
The first indigenous inhabitants of Siberia is considered to be the tribes of Samoyeds. They inhabited the northern part. These are mainly engaged include herding and fishing. To the south was inhabited by tribes Mansi, who lived by hunting. Their main fishery production was furs, which they paid for their future wives and bought goods necessary for life.
Upper Ob inhabited by Turkic tribes. Their main occupation was nomadic herding and blacksmith. To the west of Lake Baikal Buryats they lived, who became famous for his iron-craft.
The largest area of the Yenisei River and the Sea of Okhotsk to the Tungus tribes inhabited. Among them were many hunters, fishermen, herders engaged in some trade.
Along the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the Eskimos settled (about 4 thousand. People). In comparison with other nations of that time the Eskimos were the slowest social development. Cannon labor was made of stone or wood ,. The main economic occupation include gathering and hunting.
The main way to survive the first settlers Siberian region was hunting, herding and production of furs, which is the currency of the time.
By the end of the XVII century the most developed peoples of Siberia were the Buryats and Yakuts. The Tatars were the only people that before the arrival of Russian, had to organize the government.
The most major nations following nations can be attributed to the Russian colonization: Itelmens (indigenous people of Kamchatka), Yukaghir (inhabited by the main territory of the tundra), Nivkh (residents of Sakhalin), Tuva (indigenous people of the Republic of Tuva), Siberian Tatars (located on the territory of Southern Siberia from Urals to the Yenisei) and Selkup (the inhabitants of Western Siberia).
October 23, I visited the exhibition "Jurassic newcomer" in the Krasnoyarsk regional museum.
Fossil fragments of ancient animals found in Berezovsky coal mine, photos and films about the excavations of paleontologists.
The greatest attention is attracted by a unique exhibit - a stegosaurus skeleton, found in the Krasnoyarsk region, Berezovsky coal mine, near the town of Sharypovo. According to experts, the age of a Stegosaurus skeleton - more than 165 million years, and, to date, is the only skeleton of Stegosaurus in Russia. Group of paleontologists led by Sergei Krasnolutsky over 8 years unearthed and glued bones of herbivorous dinosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic period. At the exhibition visitors will see and Stegosaurus layout in natural size.
Stegosaurus presented in the museum, is one of the most ancient Stegosaurus known in the fossil record of the world, and belongs probably to a new species.
The wealth of fossils of Middle Berezovsky unparalleled career in Russia. During his study of bones and teeth are large sauropods have been found, two-legged predators tirannozavroidov, Stegosaurus, ornithopods and many other ancient animals - turtles, salamanders, fish, pterosaurs, crocodiles.
It is worth noting the excellent organization of the exhibition:
1) The bright, spacious rooms.
2) A qualified supervisor, who told interesting about each exhibit.
3) interesting summaries to each exhibit.
Among the few drawbacks is worth noting a lot of noise because of the children. Despite the fact that the recommended age for visits is 12+ . There were lots of children aged 5 years and younger. This is a parents mistake to take a young child to an exhibition that he was not interested.
Overall, I am very impressed. I really liked the exhibition, I learned a lot.
1.Lake Baikal
The vast blue sea, the deepest and more worlds fresh water storage. The real pride of Russia, which embodies its vast expanses and amazing natural beauty. By area Baikal comparable with Belgium. Any foreigner, listing Russian sights he knows, together with St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, Peterhof and Kamchatka volcanoes necessarily remember Baikal - the pearl of Eastern Siberia. The flora and fauna of one of the oldest lakes in the world is endemic to two-thirds. Baikal is one of the 25 Russian objects of UNESCO in 2008, is recognized as one of the Seven Wonders of Russia.
2.Novosibirsk Zoo
One of the largest zoos in the country. It contains about 11,000 species of animals representing over 700 species, hundreds of which are included in the international and national Red Data Books. The zoo is located in a pine forest, covers an area of 60 hectares, is building a dolphinarium and pingvinariya. The history of the Novosibirsk Zoo starts in 1933 with the gradual expansion of the small city Agrobiostantsii. Zoo has become the symbol of snow leopard (Snow Leopard) - amazing beauty and grace feline. Later he added ligation - a representative of the weasel. Here assembled one of the world's finest collections of representatives of these families.
3.The Rock Pillars Of Krasnoyarsk Stolby Nature Reserve
Reserve Krasnoyarsk Pillars is located in the north-western spurs of the Eastern Sayan. There are about a hundred rock rests, the maximum height of which does not exceed 600 meters. Stone hills are of volcanic origin. They appeared 450 million years ago, when the red-hot magma, unable to break through to the surface, producing layers of limestone and sandstone. Soft rock gradually crumbled and washed away by rain. Only the hard core rock - modern pillars. Each of them has its own name. Poles are very popular with climbers and fans of outdoor activities.
4.Tomskaya Pisanitsa Museum
Historical-cultural and natural museum-reserve "Tomsk pisanitsa" was created in 1988. Today, it includes a number of interesting exhibitions: Slavic mythological forest Museum of Rock Art Asia, Chapel of Saints Cyril and Methodius, and Arheodrom Pavilion burials, Mongolian yurt and others. But the main object is, of course, the ancient sanctuary of Tomsk pisanitsa - mottled rock art group of rocks on the right bank of the river Tom. The drawings, first discovered more than 300 years ago, belong to the IV-I millennium BC
5.Pine forests tape
forest strip width of 5 to 40 kilometers stretching along the rivers distributed mainly in the south of Western Siberia. They have great soil conservation value, restrain sandstorms coming from Kazakhstan, and form the optimal climate for human and animal waste. The names of the pine belt pine forests, usually in tune with the names of rivers, along which they grow. Unfortunately, in recent years, due to lack of adequate forest protection relic tape pine forests often suffer from fires.
6.Fortress Por-Bajin on Lake Tere-Khol
On conservation area Ubsunur basin is the only freshwater lake Tere-Khol, it is located in the mountains at an altitude of 1300 meters above sea level. On the island in the middle of the lake with respect to the ruins of an ancient fortress well preserved. In Tuvan language Por-Bajin means "clay house." The buildings date from the mid 18th century. They were built on the orders of Eletmish Bilge Kagan, after the conquest of the territory of modern Tuva. The walls of the fortress reached a height of 10 meters, a large palace located in the heart. Ancient monument has a complex architecture, intricate maze of buildings and structures. On the shore, where the archaeological field camp, the island is connected to the bridge pile 1.3 kilometers long.
7.Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP
The highest dam in Russia and one of the highest in the world, the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station in seventh place in terms of installed capacity among the existing hydropower plants of the world and the first in Russia. The shock Komsomol construction began in 1963. At the beginning of the input units in 1978 at its 1700 volunteers were employed. The width of the base of the dam 105.7 meters on the ridge - 25 meters. The height of 245 meters, the crest length of 1074 meters. HPP is located on the Yenisei River near Sayanogorsk. August 17, 2009 at the hydroelectric power station there was a major accident, which killed 75 people.
8.Tunguska event
The Tunguska event was a large explosion that occurred near the Stony Tunguska River, in Yeniseysk Governorate (now Krasnoyarsk Krai), on the morning of 30 June 1908. The Tunguska event is the largest impact event on Earth in recorded history.
9.Yenisei River
River of central Russia, one of the longest rivers in Asia. The Yenisey runs from south to north across the great expanse of central Siberia.It flows into the Kara Sea of the Arctic Ocean. Length - 3487 km
10."Kuznetsk fortress"Museum
Construction of a full-fledged military fortress on the site of chopped prison was started in 1800 by order of Emperor Paul I. The construction was carried out for 20 years. Defensive structures were designed to protect South Siberia to the Chinese threat. The area of the Kuznetsk fortress was 2.5 hectares. It is strange that the end of the 30s of the 19th century it lost its strategic importance, and in 1846 and was removed from all the military balance. fortress premises were used for prison detention. In 1919, the prison fortress captured guerrillas have destroyed part of the fortifications, wooden buildings burned. Today, the museum operates in the Kuznetsk fortress.
Chulyms (self: Chulym Tatars Tatarlar; older name: Tomsk Karagas, Chulym people Chulym Tatars, Turkic languages, Chulym Khakassia) - Turkic people, one of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation. In 2002, the number of Chulyms in Russia amounted to 656 people, in 2010 - 355 people. Included in the Unified list of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.
Chulyms well able to handle the tree from which they were cut cups, bowls, spoons, hollowed boats and mortars, manufactured sledges, skis, bows and crossbows. Their home was used widely varied dishes from birch bark; from it also made chests, quivers for arrows, cases for knives.
