4th part: Chulyms and Ending.

Chulyms (self: Chulym Tatars Tatarlar; older name: Tomsk Karagas, Chulym people Chulym Tatars, Turkic languages, Chulym Khakassia) - Turkic people, one of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and Far East of the Russian Federation. In 2002, the number of Chulyms in Russia amounted to 656 people, in 2010 - 355 people. Included in the Unified list of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation.

Speak chulym language. Were baptized into Orthodoxy, there are still some tradition of shamanism. The main occupation - agriculture and cattle ranching.



Settlement and population.
Chulym Chulym living in the river basin (a tributary of the Ob River, which comes from the name and the name of the ethnic group) - in its middle and lower reaches and tributaries along the Chulym: rivers Yaya and Kiya. In 1980, an estimated Chulyms numbered about 750 people.

Most Chulyms lives now Teguldetskiy district of the Tomsk region and Tyukhtetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Territory, mainly in the countryside and the village Pasechnoye Chindat.

Number Chulyms in settlements (2002)

Tomsk region:
Teguldet village 250
Krasnoyarsk region:
Village Pasechnoye 115

Language.
the classification of NA Baskakov (1960), Chulym language belongs to Khakass subgroup of Uighur-Oguz group vostochnohunnskoy branch of Turkic languages, including nizhnechulymsky (Asino and Zyriansky areas in the south-east of the Tomsk region) and srednechulymsky (upstream Chulyma) dialects. Under the new classification nizhnechulymskoe adverb refers to a group of the West-severnoaltayskoy branch of languages, and srednechulymskoe adverb - a group vostochnotyurkskoy Khakass branch Language branch.


At the beginning of the XXI century Lower Chulym adverb already disappeared. Srednechulymskoe adverb extended upstream from the village of Perevoz Chulyma Zyryansky district - in the extreme east of the Tomsk region (Teguldetsky District) and in the surrounding areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. As part of the dialect are two dialect - tutalsky (village Teguldet) and meletsky (village Pasechnoye Tyukhtetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Chulym language - unwritten, it operates only in everyday communication and never taught in schools.
According to the 2002 census among Chulyms two living areas (Tomsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory -. 643 persons) owned chulym language 17.6% (113 pers.), Russian - 100%. In Russia as a whole, there were 270 people in 2002, owning chulym language.

In 2010 the mother tongue, according to the census, owned 44 Chulyms. However, linguists argue that only about a dozen Chulyms able to speak their native language (more about three dozen Chulym understand it, but they are not saying Chulym)

Economy and life.
Its settlement Chulyms created on the banks of rivers and lakes, which was due to the important role of fisheries in their lives. The fish they catch nets, nets, harpoons, traps. In winter Chulyms migrated to hunting camp. By the beginning of XX century the leading hunting destination was trapping. Gathering played a secondary role. After appearing in the Russian Prichulyme Chulyms mastered plow agriculture; in Soviet times, part of Chulym worked in the forest industry.

Chulyms well able to handle the tree from which they were cut cups, bowls, spoons, hollowed boats and mortars, manufactured sledges, skis, bows and crossbows. Their home was used widely varied dishes from birch bark; from it also made chests, quivers for arrows, cases for knives.

Traditional accommodation Chulyms was a dugout (odyg), building log huts (kyshtag), building log yurt had a rectangular or polygonal shape with a conical roof; as a temporary dwelling used chum. Since the XVIII century Russian master Chulyms hut, they became the main type of dwelling. Next to the hut were placed outbuildings: barns (Clut), cribs (Oran), sheds, bath.

National Chulyms clothes consisted of a shirt and trousers. There were woolen shirt men and dub (of Chinese cotton fabric); They also wore coats with high collar and robes, made of Russian and Central Asian cotton fabrics or Chinese order. Women shirts were made of canvas, and the feast they wore calico or silk dress tunic cut. Pants originally made of burbot skins, later male pants were made of cloth, women's - from the canvas. Both men and women wore jackets trimmed with fur. In winter outerwear women were squirrel or fox fur (tone) with silk coated men - coats, fur coats or coats made of goat, deer or elk skins. At the head of men and women wore fur winter pubescent, and in summer the women used were white or scarlet hats, bedspreads (Tastar) and hemispherical cap made of red velvet with long red silk tassels. Legs Chulyms shoes boots in soft goatskin leather boots; in the summer they often went barefoot. In XVIII-XIX centuries in traditional clothes Chulyms displaced Russian.
The social structure and beliefs.
Initially Chulyms lived clans (Swauk), which in the XVII-XVIII centuries changed geographically neighboring communities (Jon). In the XIX century the transition from the patriarchal family to a small monogamous family. Women and men have traditionally been Chulyms equal. Currently, the family have Chulyms consists of two or three generations, averaging in most cases, from 4 to 6 people.

In the past Chulyms shamanism were distributed, totemism and worship of images of spirits, which were considered the masters of nature, as well as tribal, family and private patrons. In XVII-XVIII centuries Chulyms were converted to Orthodoxy, although the first third of the XX century were preserved remnants of pre-Christian beliefs
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!A series of posts about the small peoples of Siberia came to an end. I hope this information was helpful and interesting to my readers.

In my opinion, people should keep in mind and culture, traditions and customs of every nation, because it is our history, our history of Siberia.